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24 julio 501(c)(3)501(c)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia(Redirected from 501c3)
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501(c) is a subsection of the United States Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 501(c)), which lists 28 types of tax exempt non-profit organizations.
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TypesThe most common 501(c) organizations include:
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501(c)(3)Section 501(c)(3) is just one of the tax law provisions granting exemption from the federal income tax to non-profit organizations. This exemption does not cover other federal taxes such as employment taxes. 501(c)(3) exemptions apply to corporations, and any community chest, fund, or foundation, organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational purposes, or to foster national or international amateur sports competition, or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals. Another provision, 26 U.S.C. § 170, provides a deduction, for federal income tax purposes, for some donors who make charitable contributions to 501(c)(3) organizations. Testing for public safety is described under 509(a)(4) of the code which makes the organization a public charity and not a private foundation, and contributions to 509(a)(4) organizations are not deductible to the donor for federal income, estate, or gift tax purposes. 501(c)(3) status for charities and the related section 170 deduction for donors are important to many charitable groups. Some individuals and groups (and virtually all foundations) will not give to a charity if it does not have 501(c)(3) status. Therefore, loss of this status can be harmful to a charity's existence. Some organizations automatically acquire 501(c)(3) status upon filing of proper organic documents (e.g., articles of incorporation as a church), at least until annual income exceeds a statutory threshold. Others will not receive 501(c)(3) status until they file an application and supporting documentation to the IRS and have a certification letter issued. The IRS will examine the application and may request further financial and organization information prior to granting the 501(c)(3) status. To cover donations made before the letter is issued, the regulations require prompt filing of the application after organization, or after an existing organization satisfies the criteria for 501(c)(3), or after exceeding the income threshold. Contrarily, any organization may instantaneously lose its status for tax-deductible donations if it violates the pertinent regulations. Organizations with this classification are prohibited from lobbying to influence elections and legislation. [1] However, these organizations are permitted to educate individuals about issues, or fund research that supports their political position without overtly advocating for a position on a specific bill. Often, 501(c)(4) organizations may create a 501(c)(3) that operates solely for "educational" purposes. The League of Women Voters advocates positions on issues as a 501(c)(4) and uses its 501(c)(3) arm to provide nonpartisan voter information. Similarly, think tanks such as the Cato Institute, Center for American Progress, and Heritage Foundation produce policy reports and recommendations on proposals that are not specific legislation. The organization's partisans then use 501(c)(4) organizations or political action committees to lobby for their ideas once they become bills. Prominent 501(c)(3) organizations include:
Charity Navigator has information on more than 5,000 501(c)(3) public charities. [edit]
501(c)(4)501(c)(4) exemptions are given to civic leagues or organizations not organized for profit but operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare, or local associations of employees, the membership of which is limited to the employees of a designated person or persons in a particular municipality, and the net earnings of which are devoted exclusively to charitable, educational, or recreational purposes. See 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(4)(A). The exemption does not apply "unless no part of the net earnings of such entity inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual." See 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(4)(B). Deductibility of donations to 501(c)(4) organizations:
Prominent 501(c)(4) organizations include: [edit]
501(c)(6)The 501(c)(6) is specifically reserved to Chamber of Commerce organizations, real estate boards, trade boards, professional football leagues (e.g., the NFL), and other types of business leagues. They are characterized by a common business interest, which the organization typically promotes. Organizations under this category are exempt from most federal income taxes. Donations to a 501(c)(6) are not tax deductible as charitable contributions, as is the case in the 501(c)(4) category. 501(c)(6) organizations may engage in limited political activities that inform, educate, and promote their given interest. They may not engage in direct expenditures advocating a vote for a political candidate or cause. Donations to 501(c)(6) organizations are not required to be disclosed. [edit]
See also[edit]
External links
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501%28c%29"
24 marzo Alexis de TocquevilleAlexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (July 29, 1805–April 16, 1859) was a French political thinker and historian. His most famous works are Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). He championed liberty and democracy. Alexis de Tocqueville once observed that it is easier for the world to accept a simple lie than a complex truth. He was born in Verneuil-sur-Seine (Île-de-France) and died in Cannes, although his family had its origins in the landed nobility of Normandy, where several places are named after his family. His work based on his travels in the United States, Democracy in America, is frequently used in courses in 19th century United States history. His advocacy of private charity rather than government aid to assist the poor has often been cited admiringly by conservatives and classical liberals, particularly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Tocqueville is a major observer and philosopher of democracy, which he saw as an equation that balanced liberty and equality, concern for the individual as well as the community. He thought that extreme social equality would lead to isolation, more intervention by the government and thus less liberty. Alexis de Tocqueville thought that association, the coming together of people for common purpose, would bind Americans to an idea of nation larger than selfish desires. This phenomenon is called civil society. He accurately predicted that democracy would increase and eventually extend its rights and privileges to women, Natives, and Africans. He is thus also a political progressive, concerned with improving the lives of all citizens (but without the intrusion of government.)
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External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (July 29, 1805–April 16, 1859) was a French political thinker and historian. His most famous works are Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). He championed liberty and democracy. Alexis de Tocqueville once observed that it is easier for the world to accept a simple lie than a complex truth. He was born in Verneuil-sur-Seine (Île-de-France) and died in Cannes, although his family had its origins in the landed nobility of Normandy, where several places are named after his family. His work based on his travels in the United States, Democracy in America, is frequently used in courses in 19th century United States history. His advocacy of private charity rather than government aid to assist the poor has often been cited admiringly by conservatives and classical liberals, particularly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Tocqueville is a major observer and philosopher of democracy, which he saw as an equation that balanced liberty and equality, concern for the individual as well as the community. He thought that extreme social equality would lead to isolation, more intervention by the government and thus less liberty. Alexis de Tocqueville thought that association, the coming together of people for common purpose, would bind Americans to an idea of nation larger than selfish desires. This phenomenon is called civil society. He accurately predicted that democracy would increase and eventually extend its rights and privileges to women, Natives, and Africans. He is thus also a political progressive, concerned with improving the lives of all citizens (but without the intrusion of government.)
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Works
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Controversy
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Quotations
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See also
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External linksWikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
23 marzo つまらなくてたまらない日！歯科に行って来た。虫歯を発見！つまり、もうひとつ金歯が増えるということだ。
ババクサー。やだな。
今日一日も平和なのんびりした一日だった。
しかし、12時にスッゲー早口のHeatherと相談のTelephone Callがあるんです。
緊張しなければいいけど、Dartmouthは名前を聞くだけでドキドキしちゃう。
ああああああああ、準備することはいっぱいあるけどなんかだるくてやる気はゼロー。。。
MBAって本当面倒くさいことばっかりだね。ウンン。。。。
4月には本間くんが遊びにくるかも。
そろそろ、帰る時間だっ。
急がなくちゃ。退社時間はきちんと守りましょう、みなさん！！ 18 marzo God, I would do anything for it!Ahh, boy.. I got waitlisted for Tuck's 4th round decision.
I was about to enroll Krannert or McCombs, but the mail from Tuck blew my mind.
I've always wanted this b-school from the moment that I decided to take an MBA education.
I would send supplementary essays and stuff, and probably visit Hanover campus if they say yes.
To think of the horrible interview that I had with an admission officer, Ms.Stinson, it's near a miracle that I've got waitlisted. I guess this is what we call a "FIT." I am so in loooooooove with this preppy ivy league school.
First I was infuriated with the disappointing results of b-school application stuff.
But I realized that I realllllllly learned alot during the arduous process, and that's cool enough. Did you guys know that Jack Welch got denided from Dartmouth in the past?! Now I am confident that the fact that some arrogant b-schools didn't accept me can't tell anything upon my potential and future. Being rejected from someone is one of the experiences that we have to face up during our lives. Obviously it's not a great feeling, but I think it makes us stronger in some ways.
Anyways, I am glad that I could make things out with relatively less investment.
Here in Korea, many students write their essays with quack consultants paying amlost 5~10K US dollars.
I didn't do that simply because I'm not affordable. lol Thought it was unfair, but I got admissions and interview invitations from several schools and I'm proud of it. Of course, I would not forget to say thanks to Jesse, Garth and my B-Bro who proofread my crappy essays. Guys, I love ya.
It seems like the waitlisted applicants have few chances of being accepted.
But I would do anything if I could strengthen my candidacy.. since I'm extremely bored as a lameduck LG girl.
Wish me good luck, fellas.
To-Do-List for Monday (at WORK!!)
- Interview preparation with McCombs Alumni
- Write a draft for supplementary essay for Tuck
- Write an inquiry letter to U. of Ark
---> it means it should be free day from left-winger training. A lunatic republican, my b-bro, must be happy
with this, but do not lower down your guards. After finishing this, I will be right back. ㅋㅋㅋ
The letter I got from Tuck!
16 marzo Contract with AmericaContract with AmericaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
The Contract with America was a document released by the United States Republican Party during the 1994 United States Congressional election campaign. Largely written by Representative Dick Armey, and in part using text from former President Ronald Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address, the Contract detailed the actions that the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the United States House of Representatives for the first time in forty years. Many of the Contract's policy ideas originated at The Heritage Foundation, a non-partisan but very influential conservative force in the nation's capital. The Contract with America was introduced six weeks before the 1994 Congressional election, the first midterm election of President Bill Clinton's Administration, and was signed by all but two of the Republican members of the House of Representatives, and all of the Party's non-incumbent Republican Congressional candidates. The Contract was revolutionary in its commitment to specific actions, describing in detail the precise plan of the Congressional Representatives, and marked the first time since 1918 that a Congressional election had been run broadly on a national level. Furthermore, its provisions represented the view of conservative Republicans on the issues of shrinking the size of government, promoting lower taxes and entrepreneurial activity, and both tort reform and welfare reform. When the Republicans gained a majority of seats in the 104th Congress, the Contract was seen as a triumph for Party leaders such as Newt Gingrich, Tom DeLay, and for the American conservative movement.
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Content of the ContractThe Contract's actual text was a list of actions the Republicans promised to take if they were in the majority following the election. During the construction of the Contract, Gingrich insisted on "60% issues", meaning that the Contract avoided making promises on more controversial and divisive issues, such as abortion or school prayer. According to Lou Cannon, more than half of its text was taken verbatim from Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address. The promises were a conservative wish-list, made up of two parts. The text of the contract was mostly written by Congressman Dick Armey. [edit]
Government reformOn the first day of their majority, the Republicans promised to hold floor votes on eight reforms of government operations:
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Major policy changesDuring the first 100 days of the 104th Congress, the Republicans pledged "to bring to the floor the [ten] bills, each to be given a full and open debate, each to be given a clear and fair vote, and each to be immediately available for public inspection". The text of the proposed bills was included in the Contract, which was released prior to the election. These bills were not governmental reforms, as the previous promises were; rather, they represented significant changes to policy. The main included tax cuts for businesses and individuals, term limits for legislators, social security reform, tort reform, and welfare reform. [edit]
Effects of the ContractSome observers cite the Contract with America as having helped secure a decisive victory for the Republicans in the 1994 elections; others dispute this role, noting its late introduction into the campaign. Whatever the role of the Contract, Republicans were elected to a majority, and many parts of the Contract were enacted. It should be noted that many elements did not pass Congress, or were vetoed by President Bill Clinton, or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. Critics of the contract, including President Clinton himself, sometimes referred to it as the "Contract on America". [1] [edit]
Implementation of the ContractThe Contract had promised ten bills to implement major reform of the Federal Government. When the 104th Congress assembled in January 1995, the Republican majority sought to implement the Contract. In some cases (e.g. The National Security Restoration Act and The Personal Responsibility Act), the proposed bills were accomplished by a single act analogous to that which had been proposed in the Contract; in other cases (e.g. The Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act), a proposed bill's provisions were split up across multiple acts. [edit]
The Fiscal Responsibility ActAn amendment to the Constitution that would require a balanced budget, unless sanctioned by a 3/5 vote in both Houses of Congress (H.J.Res.1, passed by the US House 279-152, 1/4/95; rejected by the US Senate 65-35, 3/2/95), and provide the President with a line-item veto (H.R.2, passed by the US House 294-134, 2/6/95). [edit]
The Taking Back Our Streets ActAn anti-crime package including stronger truth-in-sentencing, "good faith" exclusionary rule exemptions (H.R.666, passed 289-142 2/8/95), death penalty provisions (H.R.729, passed 297-132 2/8/95), funding prison construction (H.R.667, passed 265-156 2/10/95, rc#117) and additional law enforcement (H.R.728, passed 238-192 2/14/95). [edit]
The Personal Responsibility ActAn act to cut spending for welfare programs by means of discouraging illegitimacy and teen pregnancy. This would be achieved by prohibiting welfare to mothers under 18 years of age, denying increased AFDC for additional children while on welfare, and enacting a two-years-and-out provision with work requirements to promote individual responsibility. H.R.4, the Family Self-Sufficiency Act, included provisions giving food vouchers to unwed mothers under 18 in lieu of cash AFDC benefits, denying cash AFDC benefits for additional children to people on AFDC, requiring recipients to participate in work programs after 2 years on AFDC, complete termination of AFDC payments after five years, and suspending driver and professional licenses of people who fail to pay child support. H.R.4, passed by the US House 234-199, 3/23/95, and passed by the US Senate 87-12, 9/19/95. [edit]
The American Dream Restoration ActAn act to create a $500-per-child tax credit, begin repeal of the marriage tax penalty, and creation of American Dream Savings Accounts to provide middle class tax relief. H.R.1215, passed 246-188, 4/5/95. [edit]
The National Security Restoration ActAn act to prevent U.S. troops from serving under United Nations command unless the President determines its necessity for the purposes of national security, to cut US payments for UN peacekeeping operations, and to help establish guidelines for the voluntary integration of former Warsaw Pact nations into NATO. H.R.7, passed 241-181, 2/16/95. [edit]
The "Common Sense" Legal Reform ActAn act to institute "Loser pays" laws (H.R.988, passed 232-193, 3/7/95), limits on punitive damages and reform of product liability laws to prevent what the bill considered frivolous litigation (H.R.956, passed 265-161, 3/10/95). Another tort reform bill, the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act was enacted in 1995 when Congress overrode a veto by President Bill Clinton. [edit]
The Job Creation and Wage Enhancement ActA package of measures to act as small business incentives: capital gains cuts and indexation, neutral cost recovery, risk assessment/cost-benefit analysis, strengthening the Regulatory Flexibility Act and unfunded mandate reform to create jobs and raise worker wages. Although this was listed as a single bill in the Contract, its provisions ultimately made it to the House Floor as four different bills:
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The Citizen Legislature ActAn amendment to the Constitution that would have imposed 12-year term limits on members of the US Congress (i.e. six terms for Representatives, two terms for Senators). H.J.Res.73 rejected by the US House 227-204 (a constitutional amendment requires a two-thirds majority, not a simple majority), 3/29/95; RC #277. [edit]
Other sections of the ContractOther sections of the Contract include a proposed Family Reinforcement Act (tax incentives for adoption, strengthening the powers of parents in their children's education, stronger child pornography laws, an elderly dependent care tax credit) and the Senior Citizens Fairness Act (raise the Social Security earnings limit, repeal the 1993 tax hikes on Social Security benefits and provide tax incentives for private long-term care insurance). [edit]
Was the Contract a success?The Contract With America is considered a success principally for two reasons: First, it achieved its principal aim, which was the election of a Republican majority in the House of Representatives. Second, despite the failure of many sections of the Contract to pass the Senate or overcome President Clinton's veto, the Republican leadership did introduce bills that would have implemented virtually everything they had promised to introduce in the Contract. As a blueprint for the policy of the new Congressional majority, Micklethwait & Wooldridge argue in The Right Nation that the Contract placed the Congress firmly back in the driving seat of domestic government policy for most of the 104th Congress, and placed the Clinton White House firmly on the defensive. [edit]
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References
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Sources
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_with_America"
Categories: 1994 elections | Conservatism in the United States | Politics of the United States | U.S. House of Representatives elections Personal toolsNavigationSearch 
13 marzo I am faring well..Just got back home from the gym. It was a nice sweaty work-out.
 After drinking a protein shake, probably I will read several pages of a crazy left-winger's scribble and fall asleep. Ahhh, my mundane life goes on and on.. Think about it! I am a lameduck LG girl who is always reading crazy newspapers at work. After work I work out, read and crawl into my bed. Duuuuuh, that's all I do! I mean it!
I am almost 30.. It gives me willies. Ugh.
I was bored this weekend and watched the evil movie "Bridgetjone's Diary". It beats up "Lord of the rings!"
It was the 6th or 7th time to watch it, but ... honestly it was the first time that I got this feeling.
I realized that it was my story!!!! A 30-year old, lonely, fat and stupid oldmaid! At least, I will be after couple years. Bridget HJ.. Duh.
Feels like I am missing something in my life. Am I lucky enough to come across my own Mark Darcy?
Wake up! It's a M.O.V.I.E!!! Ehhh.. maybe b-school might be the last chance to meet someone like that.
Okay. Let's forge strategic plans to get out of this vicious fate that I am facing!
I will be fine. Will I? Will I?
Say, YES!
 NewspeakIt's darn funny, dudes. Let's create Newspeak and rule the world!!!! Newspeak is a fictional language in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell included an essay about it in the form of an Appendix after the end of the novel, in which the basic principles of the language are explained. Newspeak is closely based on English but has a greatly reduced and simplified vocabulary and grammar. This suited the totalitarian regime of the Party, whose aim was to make subversive thought ("thoughtcrime") and speech impossible. The Newspeak term for the existing English language was Oldspeak. Oldspeak was supposed to have been completely eclipsed by Newspeak by 2050. The genesis of Orwell's Newspeak can be seen in his earlier essay, "Politics and the English Language," where he laments the quality of the English of his day, citing examples of dying metaphors, pretentious diction or rhetoric, and meaningless words — all of which contribute to fuzzy ideas and a lack of logical thinking. Towards the end of this essay, having argued his case, Orwell muses:
Thus Newspeak is possibly an attempt by Orwell to describe a deliberate intent to exploit this decadence with the aim of oppressing its speakers.
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Basic principles of Newspeak[edit]
To remove synonymsThe basic idea behind Newspeak was to remove all shades of meaning from language, leaving simple dichotomies (pleasure and pain, happiness and sadness, good thoughts and thoughtcrimes) which reinforce the total dominance of the State. A staccato rhythm of short syllables was also a goal, further reducing the need for deep thinking about language. (See duckspeak.) Successful Newspeak meant that there would be fewer and fewer words -- dictionaries would get thinner and thinner. In addition, words with opposite meanings were removed as redundant, so "bad" became "ungood." Words with comparative and superlative meanings were also removed, so "better" became "plusgood", and "best" likewise became "doubleplusgood." In this manner, as many words as possible were removed from the language. The ultimate aim of Newspeak was to reduce even the dichotomies to a single word that was a "yes" of some sort: an obedient word with which everyone answered affirmatively to what was asked of them. Some of the constructions in Newspeak which Orwell derides, such as replacing "bad" with "ungood", are in fact characteristic of agglutinative languages, although foreign to English. It is possible that Orwell modeled aspects of Newspeak specifically on Esperanto; for example "ungood" is constructed similarly to the Esperanto word "malbona". Orwell had been exposed to Esperanto in 1927 when living in Paris with his aunt Kate Limouzin and her husband Eugène Lanti, a prominent esperantist. Esperanto was the language of the house, and Orwell was disadvantaged by not speaking it, which may account for some antipathy towards the language. [edit]
To control thoughtThe underlying theory of Newspeak is that if something can't be said, then it can't be thought. One question raised by this is whether we are defined by our language, or whether we actively define it. For instance, can we communicate the need for freedom, or organise an uprising, if we do not have the words for either? This is related to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and Ludwig Wittgenstein's proposition, "The limits of my language mean the limits to my world." However, this view is disputed by authors like Gene Wolfe (see the article on his Ascian language). Examples of Newspeak, from the novel, include: "crimethink"; "doubleplusungood"; and "Ingsoc." They mean, respectively: "thought-crime"; "extremely bad"; and "English Socialism," the political philosophy of the Party. The word "Newspeak" itself also comes from the language. Generically, newspeak has come to mean any attempt to restrict disapproved language by a government or other powerful entity. [edit]
Real-life examples of NewspeakA comparison to Newspeak may arguably be seen in political rhetoric, where two opposing sides string together phrases so empty of meaning that they may be compared to the taunts young children toss back and forth. The arguments of either side ultimately reduce to "I'm good; he's bad." [edit]
Politically correct euphemismsCharges of Newspeak are sometimes advanced when a group tries to replace a word/phrase that is politically unsuitable (e.g. "civilian casualties") or offensive (e.g. "murder") with a politically correct or inoffensive one (e.g. "collateral damage"). Some maintain that to make certain words or phrases "unspeakable" (thoughtcrime) restricts what ideas may be held (Newspeak) and is therefore tantamount to censorship. Others believe that expunging terms that have fallen out of favour or become insulting will make people less likely to hold outdated or offensive views. The intent to alter the minds of the public through changes made to language illustrates Newspeak perfectly. Either way, there is a resemblance between political correctness and Newspeak, although some may feel that they differ in their intentions: in Nineteen Eighty-Four, Newspeak is instituted to enhance the power of the state over the individual; politically correct language, on the other hand, is said by supporters to free individuals from stereotypical preconceptions caused by the use of prejudicial terminology. It is this attempt to change thought through changing (or eliminating) words that earns political correctness the connection to Newspeak. The main distinction is that politically correct language is often inspired only by politeness, while Newspeak has a more explicit goal of limiting political motivation. However, there exist striking instances where Orwell's speculations have matched with reality. Orwell suggested that all philosophies prior to Ingsoc (English Socialism) would be covered under the term "oldthink", bearing with it none of the nuances of these ideologies, but simply a connotation of badness. Since the Cold War, a similar effect has been wrought on the word "communism", where it no longer bears with it, to most people, the doctrines of Marx, Engels, or Lenin, but rather a general bad connotation. (Much the same could be said about "fascism", perhaps with even more accuracy.) Two examples unrelated to political correctness are Basic English, a language which prides itself on reducing the number of English words, and E-Prime, another simplified version of English. Political groups often avail themselves of the principles behind Newspeak to frame their views in a positive way. As an example, the term "death tax" has come to replace the term "estate tax." A similar effect may be observed in the abortion debates where those advocating restrictions on abortion label themselves "pro-life," leaving their opponents presumably "pro-death." Conversely, those advocating greater availability of abortion call themselves "pro-choice," and the opposition "anti-choice," to engender similarly positive emotions. [edit]
Abbreviations and AcronymsAnother common use of Newspeak today is the overuse of abbreviations. To quote from the 1984 Appendix "It was perceived that in thus abbreviating a name one narrowed and subtly altered its meaning, by cutting out most of the associations that would otherwise cling to it." Attention is also drawn to the use of such abbreviations by totalitarian regimes prior to World War II (see Gestapo, Comintern, Agitprop). Even more powerful are acronyms like "Ofcom", "OPEC" and "NAFTA," which can be pronounced as if they were proper words. This is most vividly seen in acronyms like "laser" and "radar," which are in widespread use today and are nearly always written in lowercase. Acronyms contain less information than the full term and tend not to trigger spontaneous associations; this also makes them ambiguous and therefore vulnerable to misuse. [edit]
Newspeak words
The word doublespeak was coined in the early 1950s and it is often incorrectly attributed to George Orwell and his novel. However the word never actually appears in that novel, although it can have a similar meaning to the newspeak word doublethink.
Newspeak is a fictional language in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell included an essay about it in the form of an Appendix after the end of the novel, in which the basic principles of the language are explained. Newspeak is closely based on English but has a greatly reduced and simplified vocabulary and grammar. This suited the totalitarian regime of the Party, whose aim was to make subversive thought ("thoughtcrime") and speech impossible. The Newspeak term for the existing English language was Oldspeak. Oldspeak was supposed to have been completely eclipsed by Newspeak by 2050. The genesis of Orwell's Newspeak can be seen in his earlier essay, "Politics and the English Language," where he laments the quality of the English of his day, citing examples of dying metaphors, pretentious diction or rhetoric, and meaningless words — all of which contribute to fuzzy ideas and a lack of logical thinking. Towards the end of this essay, having argued his case, Orwell muses:
Thus Newspeak is possibly an attempt by Orwell to describe a deliberate intent to exploit this decadence with the aim of oppressing its speakers.
[edit]
Basic principles of Newspeak[edit]
To remove synonymsThe basic idea behind Newspeak was to remove all shades of meaning from language, leaving simple dichotomies (pleasure and pain, happiness and sadness, good thoughts and thoughtcrimes) which reinforce the total dominance of the State. A staccato rhythm of short syllables was also a goal, further reducing the need for deep thinking about language. (See duckspeak.) Successful Newspeak meant that there would be fewer and fewer words -- dictionaries would get thinner and thinner. In addition, words with opposite meanings were removed as redundant, so "bad" became "ungood." Words with comparative and superlative meanings were also removed, so "better" became "plusgood", and "best" likewise became "doubleplusgood." In this manner, as many words as possible were removed from the language. The ultimate aim of Newspeak was to reduce even the dichotomies to a single word that was a "yes" of some sort: an obedient word with which everyone answered affirmatively to what was asked of them. Some of the constructions in Newspeak which Orwell derides, such as replacing "bad" with "ungood", are in fact characteristic of agglutinative languages, although foreign to English. It is possible that Orwell modeled aspects of Newspeak specifically on Esperanto; for example "ungood" is constructed similarly to the Esperanto word "malbona". Orwell had been exposed to Esperanto in 1927 when living in Paris with his aunt Kate Limouzin and her husband Eugène Lanti, a prominent esperantist. Esperanto was the language of the house, and Orwell was disadvantaged by not speaking it, which may account for some antipathy towards the language. [edit]
To control thoughtThe underlying theory of Newspeak is that if something can't be said, then it can't be thought. One question raised by this is whether we are defined by our language, or whether we actively define it. For instance, can we communicate the need for freedom, or organise an uprising, if we do not have the words for either? This is related to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, and Ludwig Wittgenstein's proposition, "The limits of my language mean the limits to my world." However, this view is disputed by authors like Gene Wolfe (see the article on his Ascian language). Examples of Newspeak, from the novel, include: "crimethink"; "doubleplusungood"; and "Ingsoc." They mean, respectively: "thought-crime"; "extremely bad"; and "English Socialism," the political philosophy of the Party. The word "Newspeak" itself also comes from the language. Generically, newspeak has come to mean any attempt to restrict disapproved language by a government or other powerful entity. [edit]
Real-life examples of NewspeakA comparison to Newspeak may arguably be seen in political rhetoric, where two opposing sides string together phrases so empty of meaning that they may be compared to the taunts young children toss back and forth. The arguments of either side ultimately reduce to "I'm good; he's bad." [edit]
Politically correct euphemismsCharges of Newspeak are sometimes advanced when a group tries to replace a word/phrase that is politically unsuitable (e.g. "civilian casualties") or offensive (e.g. "murder") with a politically correct or inoffensive one (e.g. "collateral damage"). Some maintain that to make certain words or phrases "unspeakable" (thoughtcrime) restricts what ideas may be held (Newspeak) and is therefore tantamount to censorship. Others believe that expunging terms that have fallen out of favour or become insulting will make people less likely to hold outdated or offensive views. The intent to alter the minds of the public through changes made to language illustrates Newspeak perfectly. Either way, there is a resemblance between political correctness and Newspeak, although some may feel that they differ in their intentions: in Nineteen Eighty-Four, Newspeak is instituted to enhance the power of the state over the individual; politically correct language, on the other hand, is said by supporters to free individuals from stereotypical preconceptions caused by the use of prejudicial terminology. It is this attempt to change thought through changing (or eliminating) words that earns political correctness the connection to Newspeak. The main distinction is that politically correct language is often inspired only by politeness, while Newspeak has a more explicit goal of limiting political motivation. However, there exist striking instances where Orwell's speculations have matched with reality. Orwell suggested that all philosophies prior to Ingsoc (English Socialism) would be covered under the term "oldthink", bearing with it none of the nuances of these ideologies, but simply a connotation of badness. Since the Cold War, a similar effect has been wrought on the word "communism", where it no longer bears with it, to most people, the doctrines of Marx, Engels, or Lenin, but rather a general bad connotation. (Much the same could be said about "fascism", perhaps with even more accuracy.) Two examples unrelated to political correctness are Basic English, a language which prides itself on reducing the number of English words, and E-Prime, another simplified version of English. Political groups often avail themselves of the principles behind Newspeak to frame their views in a positive way. As an example, the term "death tax" has come to replace the term "estate tax." A similar effect may be observed in the abortion debates where those advocating restrictions on abortion label themselves "pro-life," leaving their opponents presumably "pro-death." Conversely, those advocating greater availability of abortion call themselves "pro-choice," and the opposition "anti-choice," to engender similarly positive emotions. [edit]
Abbreviations and AcronymsAnother common use of Newspeak today is the overuse of abbreviations. To quote from the 1984 Appendix "It was perceived that in thus abbreviating a name one narrowed and subtly altered its meaning, by cutting out most of the associations that would otherwise cling to it." Attention is also drawn to the use of such abbreviations by totalitarian regimes prior to World War II (see Gestapo, Comintern, Agitprop). Even more powerful are acronyms like "Ofcom", "OPEC" and "NAFTA," which can be pronounced as if they were proper words. This is most vividly seen in acronyms like "laser" and "radar," which are in widespread use today and are nearly always written in lowercase. Acronyms contain less information than the full term and tend not to trigger spontaneous associations; this also makes them ambiguous and therefore vulnerable to misuse. [edit]
Newspeak words
The word doublespeak was coined in the early 1950s and it is often incorrectly attributed to George Orwell and his novel. However the word never actually appears in that novel, although it can have a similar meaning to the newspeak word doublethink.
04 marzo Curiositymay have killed the cat; more likely
the cat was just unlucky, or else curious
to see what death was like, having no cause
to go on licking paws, or fathering
litter on litter of kittens, predicatably.
Nevertheless, to be curious
is dangerous enough. To distrust
what is always said, what seems,
to ask odd questions, interfere in dreams,
leave home, smell rats, have hunches
do not endear cats to those doggy circles
where well-smelt baskets, suitable wives, good lunches
are the order of things, and where prevails
much wagging of incurious heads and tails.
Face it. Curiosity
will not cause us to die-
only lack of it will.
Never to want to see
the other side of the hill
or that improbably country
where living is an idyll
(although a probably hell)
would kill us all.
Only the curious
have, if they live, a tale
worth telling at all.
Dogs say cats love too much, are irresponsible,
are changeable, marry too many wives,
desert their children, chill all dinner tables
with tales of their nine lives.
Well, they are lucky. Let them be
nine-lived and contradictory,
curious enough to change, prepared to pay
the cat price, which is to die
and die again and again,
each time with no less pain.
A cat minority of one
is all that can be counted on
to tell the truth. And what cats have to tell
on each return from hell
is this: that dying is what the living do,
and that dead dogs are those who do not know
that dying is what, to live, each has to do.
Thinking of my mundane days, I wrote this poem.
What is missing in my life? Curiosity or Courage?
You don't believe that I wrote this poem, do you?
Yeah. You're damn right. It's Alastair Reid.
So what?  頑張り過ぎるな。朝、六時。今日一日も頑張るぞ－と思ったけど、マアマアの一日でした。私って元々のんびりした人間でどうしようもないんだよな－。カッコウわるい！！
 まずはやれるだけやろう。 疲れるやで。。
やってる間になんとかなるだろうな。
だれか教えて！！私、このままでいいのかしら。
Ugh!!!日本語の勉強しなくちゃ。何も書けない。ショックやな。
キョキョキョ。。。 |
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Lie down and place your right arm behind your head.The exam is done while lying down, and not standing up. This is because when lying down the breast tissue spreads evenly over the chest wall and it is as thin as possible, making it much easier to feel all the breast tissue. 
Use three different levels of pressure to feel all the breast tissue. Light pressure is needed to feel the tissue closest to the skin; medium pressure to feel a little deeper; and firm pressure to feel the tissue closest to the chest and ribs. A firm ridge in the lower curve of each breast is normal. If you뭨e not sure how hard to press, talk with your doctor or nurse. Use each pressure level to feel the breast tissue before moving on to the next spot. 
Move around the breast in an up and down pattern starting at an imaginary line drawn straight down your side from the underarm and moving across the breast to the middle of the chest bone.(sternum or breastbone). Be sure to check the entire breast area going down until you feel only ribs and up to the neck or collar bone (clavicle). 
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